Want to read Slashdot from your mobile device? Point it at m.slashdot.org and keep reading!

 



Forgot your password?
typodupeerror
×
Apple Hardware

Apple Planning Switch To Randomized Serial Numbers Starting This Year (macrumors.com) 121

An anonymous reader quotes a report from MacRumors: Apple will soon be making a significant change to its serial number format for future products that will see some key information stripped out. In an internal AppleCare email this week, obtained by MacRumors, Apple said the new serial number format will consist of a randomized alphanumeric string of 8-14 characters that will no longer include manufacturing information or a configuration code. Apple said the serial number format transition is scheduled for "early 2021," and confirmed that IMEI numbers will not be affected by this change.

Any currently shipping Apple products will continue to use the current serial number format, while future products will use the new format, according to Apple. The new serial numbers will initially be 10 characters, the company indicated. Apple's current serial number format has long allowed both customers and service providers to determine the date and location that a product was manufactured, with the first three characters representing the manufacturing location and the following two indicating the year and week of manufacture. The last four characters currently serve as a "configuration code," revealing a device's model, color, and storage capacity. Apple initially planned to transition to the new serial number format in late 2020, but delayed.
Apple hasn't explained the reasons for the change, but the new format will effectively make it impossible to view details about when and where a device is manufactured.
This discussion has been archived. No new comments can be posted.

Apple Planning Switch To Randomized Serial Numbers Starting This Year

Comments Filter:
  • Random Serial (Score:5, Insightful)

    by backslashdot ( 95548 ) on Wednesday March 10, 2021 @08:00AM (#61143664)

    How can one have random sequential numbers?

    • Exactly. Pseudo random or nothing.
    • 3, 2, 8, 6, 1, 9, 7, 4, 5?
    • The same way that Dell has been doing it forever...
      • Re:Random Serial (Score:5, Informative)

        by Darinbob ( 1142669 ) on Wednesday March 10, 2021 @12:16PM (#61144410)

        But "serial" very strongly implies sequential numbers "Serial number" is shorthand for "serial identification number". So what Apple is really doing is having "randomized identification numbers that are no longer serial". Maybe it sounds a bit pedantic, but it's the ancient fight between trying to keep words to have consistent meanings versus making words mean whatever the speaker wants them to mean even if the listener is confused.

        • Well, the set of sequential numbers is actually in that set of random ones.
          Perhaps they just plan on being very lucky. ... Or they think different.... LY!

        • by Bodie1 ( 1347679 )

          Implies nothing. Serial means "in series."

        • by Ksevio ( 865461 )

          You might want to sit down for this, but some companies even put letters in their serial numbers! It's as if the meaning has evolved

        • by dfghjk ( 711126 )

          "But "serial" very strongly implies sequential numbers..."

          No it doesn't. It implies "sequential" not at all.

        • by Anonymous Coward

          it's the ancient fight between trying to keep words to have consistent meanings versus making words mean whatever the speaker wants them to mean even if the listener is confused.

          'When I use a word,' Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, 'it means just what I choose it to mean -- neither more nor less.'
          'The question is,' said Alice, 'whether you can make words mean so many different things.'
          'The question is,' said Humpty Dumpty, 'which is to be master -- that's all.'

        • "it's the ancient fight between trying to keep words to have consistent meanings versus making words mean whatever the speaker wants them to mean even if the listener is confused."

          Yes, and you are on the wrong side of this.

          Serial means there is a well defined and unique order to the numbers.
          Random means the next value cannot be predicted just by knowing the prior values.

          So if you know the generating function, you can reproducibly produce the values in order. If you do not have the generator, you cannot. For

      • Dell serial numbers aren't random, they're sequential. It's less obvious as they're right-to-left (the left character is the "ones"), but if you buy a bunch of devices at once from Dell you'll probably find that all but the first couple of characters are identical. Of course, these numbers tell you nothing about where the device was made, and only tell you when very approximately.
    • Re:Random Serial (Score:4, Interesting)

      by TechyImmigrant ( 175943 ) on Wednesday March 10, 2021 @10:48AM (#61144144) Homepage Journal

      How can one have random sequential numbers?

      With a random permutation.

      A CTR construct will do that: For some key k, AESk(0), AESk(1), AESk(2)... AESk(2 to the power 128-1) are all guaranteed to be different and the sequence looks random and the results are a permutation of all the numbers 0 to 2 to the power 128-1.

      There are other cryptographic permutation algorithms that will work on non power-of-2 spaces. Look up the "sometimes recurse shuffle" by Phil Rogaway.

    • by mspohr ( 589790 )

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/... [wikipedia.org]

      A universally unique identifier (UUID) is a 128-bit number used to identify information in computer systems. The term globally unique identifier (GUID) is also used, typically in software created by Microsoft.[1]

      When generated according to the standard methods, UUIDs are, for practical purposes, unique. Their uniqueness does not depend on a central registration authority or coordination between the parties generating them, unlike most other numbering schemes. While the proba

    • by GoRK ( 10018 )

      I acknowledge your joke, but for anyone looking for an actual method, you can use the Skipjack cipher or any alternate type of format-preserving encryption to do this. It's also easy enough to permute the sequence ahead of time using whatever method you want or use a seeded PRNG to do a Fisher-Yates shuffle.

      The result is a sequenced list of random numbers; joke made real.

    • It's almost like you're trying to enforce domain-specific language on wording meant for the general public where the word has a different meaning.

      But you could also argue that the serialization comes in applying it to products sequentially as the products are made rather than as a property of the numbers themselves.

    • Kinda trivial. You create a spreadsheet of a billion random unique numbers, and then serially hand them out. The position in the list is still the serial number, but the exposed serial number is encoded in an uncrackable way.

    • And Slashdotters say that Apple never invents anything!
  • by jfdavis668 ( 1414919 ) on Wednesday March 10, 2021 @08:03AM (#61143668)
    or other things the company wants to obscure.
    • Re: (Score:2, Interesting)

      by geekmux ( 1040042 )

      or other things the company wants to obscure.

      On the surface this certainly appears like that, but then again how easy is it for them to "obscure" their manufacturing details and sources regardless of if you had serial number data?

      We act as if the word "Foxconn" refers to some highly classified military operation running out of Area 51.

      • by MrL0G1C ( 867445 )

        We act as if the word "Foxconn" refers to some highly classified military operation running out of Area 51.

        Yeah, when really they're just using secret forced labour with people from 're-education' camps that the government sterilise which is like long-term genocide. Even when Uyghur's aren't in camps they're being watched closer than prisoners under house arrest with many aspects of their lives being spied upon to make sure they're not potentially critical of the government in any way. Pretty much 1984.

    • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 ) on Wednesday March 10, 2021 @09:09AM (#61143842) Homepage Journal

      And to make it harder to know if your product is affected by a recall, or if you could join one of the endless series of class action lawsuits against them over defect.

      • by nagora ( 177841 ) on Wednesday March 10, 2021 @09:19AM (#61143876)

        And to make it harder to know if your product is affected by a recall, or if you could join one of the endless series of class action lawsuits against them over defect.

        I suspect the class action thing is the main reason. If you can just glance at a sticker to see if your device falls within a range then you'll get all sorts of people casually signing up; if you need to go online and look at a database then 70-80% (note: made up numbers) will "mañana" it over the event horizon.

        What might make things difficult for Apple is if someone does make an issue about how hard it is to check for recalls. Ironically enough, they might get a class action if they can't show any rational reason for the change.

        • > Ironically enough, they might get a class action if they can't show any rational reason for the change.

          Difficult to do a class action over something other manufacturers have done pretty much forever.
          • > Ironically enough, they might get a class action if they can't show any rational reason for the change. Difficult to do a class action over something other manufacturers have done pretty much forever.

            Most likely it will just make the damages greater. Not only did Apple use inferior hinges known to fail after a year so the laptops could be 0.2 mm thinner (I'm making this up but you get the idea), but the poor starving lawyers had to spend more money to find enough people to sign onto the suit.

          • by Altus ( 1034 )

            Because when dell does it nobody gives a rats ass but when Apple does it all the conspiracy nuts come out of the woodwork.

      • by idji ( 984038 ) on Wednesday March 10, 2021 @10:06AM (#61144050)
        and to make it harder for independent repair shops to do their work.
      • And to make it harder to know if your product is affected by a recall, or if you could join one of the endless series of class action lawsuits against them over defect.

        Apple has never issued recalls based on serial number ranges.

        Try again, hater.

    • by fermion ( 181285 )
      More likely so third parties cannot us serial numbers to know the exact machine for repairs and resale purposes. Unless they allow public access to the database, which would defeat the purpose, it is an aggressive and incessant move. It will only give support to the opponents of Apple.
    • where you could go and see how young the child was who made your stuff. I remember looking up a soccer ball my kid had and finding it was made by an even younger child. That site's long since shut down.
  • by paulatz ( 744216 ) on Wednesday March 10, 2021 @08:04AM (#61143674)

    Before, one could effectively and accurately get the year of production of any mac devic fro mits serial number. Very useful if you have to order a third party replacement part.

    With the new scheme, only Apple will be able to do it. As mac devices pretty much all look the same apart from minuscule details, third party shops will be forced to ask customers to try to remember exactly in which month they bought said device, or look if they kept the receipt somewhere.

    • Apple already provides at least one site that lets you do that lookup [apple.com], and serial numbers are still physically printed on the outside of each device somewhere. If a repair shop has a device in hand, they’ll just look it up. They’re already doing so anyway if they’re in doubt, either against an internal tool they built back before Apple made one available a decade or more ago, or else against Apple’s lookup system.

    • by Anonymous Coward

      third party shops will be forced to ask customers to try to remember exactly in which month they bought said device, or look if they kept the receipt somewhere.

      No they wouldn't. They could use the serial number to look it up.

  • by Anonymous Coward

    They probably didn't want them to be guessable, so people making API calls or phone calls (heh) trying to ask about devices they don't own won't get anywhere.

    • Re: (Score:2, Interesting)

      by Anonymous Coward

      Also look at the "german tank" math problem, having serial numbers reveals information about your production line which Apple might not want.
      wiki link [wikipedia.org]

    • They probably didn't want them to be guessable, so people making API calls or phone calls (heh) trying to ask about devices they don't own won't get anywhere.

      I suppose there are also situations where some scamming repair shop claims to make repairs under warranty, submits serial numbers that they guessed, and gets paid by Apple. This would make it very, very hard to guess serial numbers of real phones.

  • by sid crimson ( 46823 ) on Wednesday March 10, 2021 @08:11AM (#61143682)

    Does this mean Serial# lookup tools will stop working with the new scheme?

    https://everymac.com/ultimate-... [everymac.com]
    https://checkcoverage.apple.co... [apple.com]
    Etc...

    • Re: (Score:2, Insightful)

      by arosenfield ( 998621 )

      Almost certainly yes. Only Apple will have access to their database of serial numbers; they may grant access to that to a select group of authorized third-party companies they work with, but they're not going to grant access to any random third party.

      • Almost certainly yes. Only Apple will have access to their database of serial numbers; they may grant access to that to a select group of authorized third-party companies they work with, but they're not going to grant access to any random third party.

        The only thing the current Check Serial Number page does is tell you whether free phone support has expired and whether the warranty has expired.

        There is absolutely no reason why Apple would change that. It saves them as metric buttload of support calls.

        • by Rhipf ( 525263 )

          The only thing the current Check Serial Number page does is tell you whether free phone support has expired and whether the warranty has expired.

          There is absolutely no reason why Apple would change that. It saves them as metric buttload of support calls.

          But do the third party sites currently get this information directly from Apple or do they parse the current serial number structure to determine date of manufacture and then use that date to determine if the warranty has expired?
          If they are going directly to Apple to get this information then things probably won't change. If they are parsing the current serial number for that information then their lookup site will no longer work once the new serial number structure is implemented.

          • If they are going directly to Apple to get this information then things probably won't change. If they are parsing the current serial number for that information then their lookup site will no longer work once the new serial number structure is implemented.

            If they are parsing the serial number, then there was never any guarantee that Apple wouldn't change its scheme. So you would need to parse according to the old scheme, and then according to the new scheme. Much easier to let Apple examine the serial number.

          • The only thing the current Check Serial Number page does is tell you whether free phone support has expired and whether the warranty has expired.

            There is absolutely no reason why Apple would change that. It saves them as metric buttload of support calls.

            But do the third party sites currently get this information directly from Apple or do they parse the current serial number structure to determine date of manufacture and then use that date to determine if the warranty has expired?
            If they are going directly to Apple to get this information then things probably won't change. If they are parsing the current serial number for that information then their lookup site will no longer work once the new serial number structure is implemented.

            I ASSUME they probably just looked at the s/n before, and if the date info suggested the unit was close to being out of warranty, they likely checked with Apple to see if the unit was actually still in Warranty. That's the way it worked for the (non-Apple) products I serviced during my time as an electronic bench tech (we repaired mostly stereo and musical equipment; but warranty repair policies are fairly similar overall).

            By the way, Apple has never been one of those "Sorry! One day out of warranty; sucks

  • greed (Score:3, Informative)

    by SimonInOz ( 579741 ) on Wednesday March 10, 2021 @08:26AM (#61143706)

    Like many things Apple does, this appears to be motivated solely by greed.
    They are trying to entirely shutdown the independent repair shops - you know, the ones that can replace a screen during your lunch hour, as opposed to Apples however long (at however much). If you can't figure out what version something is, how will you get the right part? Of course they could obviate this by making a serial number lookup publicly available. Anybody want to take bets on that being done?

    Apple have played similar tricks with cables for decades, but have finally come into sanity with USB-C, though doubtless they'll think of something. Other companies did the same - remember when every charger was custom?
    I don't understand why they need to be so greedy - . Apple products are staggeringly profitable, why oppress the follow on market? How much money do you make repairing things anyway?

    Perhaps the thrust is to make it prohibitively expensive to repair apple gear. "Sorry madam, the repair for this will be 5,000 dollars. But we can give you a discount on a new shiny one!". Uh huh. Yes, that does sound pretty likely, doesn't it?

    And here was me, seriously considering a MacBook Air.
    Well, maybe not.

    • How is what Apple does different from what Dell (and as far as i know, HP and probably others) has always done? The serial number of a Dell computer has no information at all. It is just a combination of characters and numbers. For the HP systems I have worked on, same there.
      • How is what Apple does different from what Dell (and as far as i know, HP and probably others) has always done? The serial number of a Dell computer has no information at all. It is just a combination of characters and numbers. For the HP systems I have worked on, same there.

        I believe Dell's and HP's are sequential. At least where I work we end up with large blocks of laptops that appear to be in series. More importantly, anybody can look up the date of manufacture and original system configuration using the serial numbers.

        Maybe there really is no difference between that and what Apple's doing, though. If they were simply switching from a purely numeric SN to an alphanumeric SN it seems like it's for economy of space and less to type in or repeat over the phone.

    • Like many things Apple does, this appears to be motivated solely by greed.
      They are trying to entirely shutdown the independent repair shops

      Oh, horseshit!

      Just HOW would that "entirely shutdown the independent repair shops"?

      Seriously. How?

      BTW, many, many manufacturers have randomized serial numbers. It is mostly to keep the competition from determining approximately how many are manufactured.

      IOW, nothing to see here, move along...

    • Anybody want to take bets on that being done?

      You probably mean "Anybody want to make a bet on that being done?". The implication being you believe it won't be and will be accepting bets that it will, expecting to win.

      If that is the case I would like to make that bet because I enjoy betting on sure things.

    • enough is never enough. You have a fiduciary duty to wring as much profit out of your customers and employees as is legally permissible.

      Maybe structuring our entire economy like that wasn't such a good idea, but it's too late to change it now.
    • It's easy, lock-in and the Stockholm Syndrome.
  • Military intelligence is using it since (at least) WWII https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/... [wikipedia.org]
    • Why would customers want that information to be secret?
      Is Apple at war?

      • No but much of humanity may as well be. While I doubt that reasoning motivates Apple, being able to figure out the supply chain of a device could have intel value for oppressive (most of them!) societies.

        Randomization could make tracing how an "enemy of the state" obtained their device much more difficult without Apple cooperation. Conventional serial numbers exist for general convenience. Randomized serials can add obscurity.

  • This happened before [wikipedia.org]...they will have to double check *all* parts inside their products.
  • by ErichTheRed ( 39327 ) on Wednesday March 10, 2021 @08:48AM (#61143762)

    I assume this is because Apple sees that right to repair laws have a chance of passing. Being able to tell when one of their devices was manufactured was a good clue about what part you needed without having to open the device. They seem to be taking a similar route to what Red Hat did when Oracle started rebranding RHEL as Oracle Unbreakable Linux or whatever...following the letter of the open source law but not the spirit.

    I don't get Apple sometimes. They are well aware that they have most consumers hooked into their ecosystem the second they buy their first iDevice. They have a virtual money printing press skimming off the top of app store purchases. They still have a rabid fan base. Yet they're absolutely vehement about forcing their customers to turn in their iPads at the end of their lease and just selling them new ones. Car analogy...Apple is BMW or Mercedes. The products are expensive to buy but just cheap enough for the upper-middle-class Joe to lease and turn in every 2 or 3 years. Should you choose to buy and hang onto one, there are just enough single-source super expensive parts to make late-stage repair extremely expensive. And on top of that, the cars are engineered in such a way that labor to fix even simple things is way more than the average GM/Ford/Chrysler prole-box.

    • Re: (Score:2, Funny)

      by nagora ( 177841 )

      I don't get Apple sometimes. They are well aware that they have most consumers hooked into their ecosystem the second they buy their first iDevice. They have a virtual money printing press skimming off the top of app store purchases. They still have a rabid fan base. Yet they're absolutely vehement about forcing their customers to turn in their iPads at the end of their lease and just selling them new ones.

      It's a Darwinian filter: treat you customers like shit and very soon you have a customer base that, well, doesn't mind if you treat them like shit. Treat them well and you'll attract customers that won't stand for the stuff that Apple pulls in order to keep its margins sky-high.

    • Interesting that when Apple does it, lots of screaming. I have worked with Dell computers for 20 years, and the serial number has not ever given any information on the computer. It is just what it says - a serial number.
    • I assume this is because Apple sees that right to repair laws have a chance of passing.

      You assume wrongly.

      Many, many manufacturers have randomized serial numbers. It is not a nefarious, anti-consumer practice.

      It is an anti-competition-espionage practice. Without randomization, all a competitor (or market analyst) has to do to get a pretty accurate idea of number of units manufactured is purchase a unit right at the end of the year, read the serial number, and then return the unit for refund. In fact, since most serialized goods have the s/n right on the outside of the package, they may not ev

    • by k2r ( 255754 )

      > I assume this is because Apple sees that right to repair laws have a chance of passing.

      For a person who obviously does not know anything on the serial number schemes other manufacturers use you assume a lot.

      From a security perspective it‘s a good idea if the serial number does not give away any additional information on the device. It‘s a unique identifier, it should not be enumerable.

    • It's Apple were talking about though. They won't quit going down the path they're on until they manage to make a device that doesn't have parts because it's been manufactured as one seamless piece that can only be replaced in its totality.
  • ...they're not really "serial", are they?

  • It won't make it impossible to view details about your device, unless Apple does not keep a database of serial numbers. I can't figure out exactly why they did this, but the concept that Apple is deliberately making their devices untraceable - even to Apple - isn't likely.

    Until then, "About this computer", gives plenty of data, and I've only looked up by serial number once or twice.

    • It won't make it impossible to view details about your device, unless Apple does not keep a database of serial numbers. I can't figure out exactly why they did this, but the concept that Apple is deliberately making their devices untraceable - even to Apple - isn't likely.

      Until then, "About this computer", gives plenty of data, and I've only looked up by serial number once or twice.

      It is the second phase of what they started a couple of years ago, when they stopped reporting Unit Sales Volumes.

      Both changes are to thwart competitors and analysts from gaining valuable marketing information on how well certain models of their products (probably mostly in the ultra-competitive smartphone world) are doing.

      • It won't make it impossible to view details about your device, unless Apple does not keep a database of serial numbers. I can't figure out exactly why they did this, but the concept that Apple is deliberately making their devices untraceable - even to Apple - isn't likely.

        Until then, "About this computer", gives plenty of data, and I've only looked up by serial number once or twice.

        It is the second phase of what they started a couple of years ago, when they stopped reporting Unit Sales Volumes.

        Both changes are to thwart competitors and analysts from gaining valuable marketing information on how well certain models of their products (probably mostly in the ultra-competitive smartphone world) are doing.

        What a weird world we live in, when serial numbers have to be disconnected from the devices.

        • It won't make it impossible to view details about your device, unless Apple does not keep a database of serial numbers. I can't figure out exactly why they did this, but the concept that Apple is deliberately making their devices untraceable - even to Apple - isn't likely.

          Until then, "About this computer", gives plenty of data, and I've only looked up by serial number once or twice.

          It is the second phase of what they started a couple of years ago, when they stopped reporting Unit Sales Volumes.

          Both changes are to thwart competitors and analysts from gaining valuable marketing information on how well certain models of their products (probably mostly in the ultra-competitive smartphone world) are doing.

          What a weird world we live in, when serial numbers have to be disconnected from the devices.

          As I have said, many companies have done this for decades. I just object to the knee-jerk reaction of so many Slashdotters (present company excepted) that, if it's Apple, it must be something greedy or otherwise nefarious.

    • by PPH ( 736903 )

      It won't make it impossible to view details about your device, unless Apple does not keep a database of serial numbers.

      Two things: First, it will make viewing details of your device impossible without the assistance of Apple. Second, it will give Apple the ability to push older devices off the back end of their database once they deem it necessary for you to come in and upgrade. And third*, cellular carriers will have to query Apple to find the capabilities of each device on their system to properly configure services. So Apple can drop capabilities off their database as they see fit.

      *Our three weapons are fear, and surpri

      • It won't make it impossible to view details about your device, unless Apple does not keep a database of serial numbers.

        Two things: First, it will make viewing details of your device impossible without the assistance of Apple.

        Well - unless Apple eliminates "About this Mac" I can see Everything in and attached to my Mac. With sometimes excruciating granularity. year of manufacturer - with mid years on occasion, serial number and all attached devices

        Are you a Mac user? Because "About this Mac" is pretty much Apple 101.

        • Ever try to figure out which generation of Intel CPU you have from About this Mac? And the year is not the year of manufacture - it's the year of introduction of that model. Sometimes they go 2-3 years without a refresh.

          • Ever try to figure out which generation of Intel CPU you have from About this Mac? And the year is not the year of manufacture - it's the year of introduction of that model. Sometimes they go 2-3 years without a refresh.

            Wow - what a problem. Open up terminal, then type sysctl -n machdep.cpu.brand_string Then look it up, which tell me that it's 6 cores, 6 theads, base 3.00 GHz, turbo 4.10 GHz 9 MB Smart Cache, bus speed 8 GT/s dissapates 65 Watts, max memorty 128 GB, Me type DDR4-2666, 2 mem channels Mem bandwidth41.6 GB/s and on and on and on. So - what is your point anyhow, bacause I can's figure that out. Give me the Windows command that will show every single parameter oif my laptop's preocessor that will show up just

    • I can't figure out exactly why they did this

      As other users have mentioned, to make life even more difficult for third-party repair services, to make it more difficult to determine if your device qualifies for a class-action lawsuit, and possibly to obscure information about the number of units manufactured.

      but the concept that Apple is deliberately making their devices untraceable - even to Apple - isn't likely.

      Where did anyone suggest that Apple was attempting to make these devices untraceable to Apple?

      "

  • This is most probably to prevent the unlocking of activation locked devices by changing their serial number by rewriting the chips. If you don't know which serial are valid, your are kinda boned.

    That's why apple pulled the website to see if iPhones were Locked by serial number. Some people ended up receiving new in the box iPhone and their serial was tied to another device.

  • If this is a measure to thwart right to repair I'm sure Rossman will create a video explaining how this will affect repair shops. Until then it may simply be a measure to keep competition from counting number of units produced as others have pointed out in this thread.
  • Buyers have long pushed for products from clean labor-safe type areas. Problem is, that Apple, like others, want to go as cheap as possible and does NOT want to ID where these products are coming from. In particular, this will be an issue for Apple deciding to manufacture in India and China now. Many Americans will INSIST on getting it from India, which is going to cause Apple a LOT OF GRIEF.
  • They start making everything in China

  • The fact that Apple doesn't even care to explain why they're doing something so out of the ordinary really says a lot about how confident they feel that people will continue buying their products even despite all of their anti-consumer fuckery. This latest move provides no benefit to the customer but does make it more difficult to determine their eligibility in a class-action lawsuit as well as make it more difficult for third-party repair services to fix their devices.

    At this point, I'm rooting for App
  • for the change. Can't have anyone tracking your products back to the slave labor camps in China where they are built.

The way to make a small fortune in the commodities market is to start with a large fortune.

Working...